List of (automatic) protocol reverse engineering tools for network protocols

PRE-list

List of (automatic) protocol reverse engineering tools/methods/approaches for network protocols

This is a collection of 57 scientific papers about (automatic) protocol reverse engineering (PRE) methods and tools. The papers are categorized into different groups so that it is more easy to get an overview of existing solutions based on the problem you want to tackle.

The collection was started with help of the following two surveys and got extended afterwards:

J. Duchêne, C. Le Guernic, E. Alata, V. Nicomette, and M. Kaâniche, “State of the art of network protocol reverse engineering tools,” Journal of Computer Virology and Hacking Techniques, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 53–68, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s11416-016-0289-8.
B. D. Sija, Y.-H. Goo, K.-S. Shim, H. Hasanova, and M.-S. Kim, “A Survey of Automatic Protocol Reverse Engineering Approaches, Methods, and Tools on the Inputs and Outputs View,” Security and Communication Networks, vol. 2018, pp. 1–17, 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/8370341.

Please help extending this collection by adding papers to the tools.ods.

Overview
Input and Output
Tested protocols
Source code
References

Overview ↑

Name	Year	Method/Approach used
PIP [1]	2004	Sequence alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch 1970 and Smith and Waterma 1981 applied
GAPA [2]	2005	Protocol analyzer and open language that uses the protocol analyzer specification Spec → it is meant to be integrated in monitoring and analyzing tools
ScriptGen [3]	2005	Byte-wise sequence alignment (find variable fields in messages)
RolePlayer [4]	2006	Byte-wise sequence alignment (find variable fields in messages)
Ma et al. [5]	2006
FFE/x86 [6]	2006
Replayer [7]	2006
Discoverer [8]	2007	Recursive clustering and type-based sequence alignment
Polyglot [9]	2007	Dynamic analysis (execution trace and network trace)
PEXT [10]	2007
Rosetta [11]	2007
AutoFormat [12]	2008	Dynamic analysis (execution trace and network trace)
Tupni [13]	2008	Dynamic analysis (execution trace and network trace)
Boosting [14]	2008
ConfigRE [15]	2008
ReFormat [16]	2009
Prospex [17]	2009
Xiao et al. [18]	2009
Trifilo et al. [19]	2009
Antunes and Neves [20]	2009
Dispatcher [21]	2009	Dynamic analysis
Fuzzgrind [22]	2009
REWARDS [23]	2010
MACE [24]	2010
ReverX [25]	2011
Veritas [26]	2011
Biprominer [27]	2011	Statistical analysis including three phases, learning phase, labeling phase and transition probability model building phase. See this figure.
ASAP [28]	2011
Howard [29]	2011
ProDecoder [30]	2012
Zhang et al. [31]	2012
Netzob [32]	2012	Sie this figure
PRISMA [33]	2012
ARTISTE [34]	2012
Wang et al. [35]	2013
Laroche et al. [36]	2013
AutoReEngine [37]	2013	Apriori Algorithm (based on Agrawal/Srikant 1994). Identify fields and keywords by considering the amount of occurrences. Message formats are considered as series of keywords. State machines are derived from labeled messages or frequent subsequences. See this figure for clarification.
Dispatcher2 [38]	2013
ProVeX [39]	2013
Meng et al. [40]	2014
AFL [41]	2014
ProGraph [42]	2015
FieldHunter [43]	2015
RS Cluster [44]	2015
UPCSS [45]	2015
ARGOS [46]	2015
PULSAR [47]	2015	Reverse engineer network protocols with the aim to fuzz them with thus knowledge
Cai et al. [48]	2016
WASp [49]	2016
PowerShell [50]	2017
ProPrint [51]	2017
ProHacker [52]	2017
Goo et al. [53]	2019
Yang et al. [54]	2020	Using deep-learning (LSTM-FCN) for reversing binary protocols
Sun et al. [55]	2020	"To measure format similarity of unknown protocol messages in a proper granularity, we propose relative measuremnets, Token Format Distance (TFD) and Message Format Distance (MFD), based on core rules of Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABND)." for clustering process Silhouette Coefficient and Dunn Index are used. density based cluster algorithm DBSCAN is used for clustering of messages
Shim et al. [56]	2020	Follow up on Goo et al. 2019
IPART [57]	2020

Input and Output ↑

NetT: input is a network trace (e.g. pcap)
ExeT: input is an execution trace (code/binary at hand)
PF: output is protocol format (describing the syntax)
PFSM: output is protocol finite state machine (describing semantic/sequential logic)

Name	Year	NetT	ExeT	PF	PFSM	Other Output
PIP [1]	2004	✔				Keywords/ fields
GAPA [2]	2005		✔	✔	✔
ScriptGen [3]	2005	✔				Dialogs/scripts
RolePlayer [4]	2006	✔				Dialogs/scripts
Ma et al. [5]	2006	✔				App-identification
FFE/x86 [6]	2006		✔
Replayer [7]	2006		✔
Discoverer [8]	2007	✔		✔
Polyglot [9]	2007		✔	✔
PEXT [10]	2007		✔		✔
Rosetta [11]	2007		✔
AutoFormat [12]	2008		✔	✔
Tupni [13]	2008		✔	✔
Boosting [14]	2008	✔				Field(s)
ConfigRE [15]	2008		✔
ReFormat [16]	2009		✔	✔
Prospex [17]	2009	✔		✔
Xiao et al. [18]	2009		✔		✔
Trifilo et al. [19]	2009	✔			✔
Antunes and Neves [20]	2009	✔			✔
Dispatcher [21]	2009		✔			C&C malware
Fuzzgrind [22]	2009		✔
REWARDS [23]	2010		✔
MACE [24]	2010		✔
ReverX [25]	2011	✔			✔
Veritas [26]	2011	✔			✔
Biprominer [27]	2011	✔		✔	✔
ASAP [28]	2011	✔				Semantics
Howard [29]	2011		✔
ProDecoder [30]	2012	✔		✔
Zhang et al. [31]	2012	✔			✔
Netzob [32]	2012	✔	✔	✔	✔
PRISMA [33]	2012	✔
ARTISTE [34]	2012		✔
Wang et al. [35]	2013	✔		✔
Laroche et al. [36]	2013	✔			✔
AutoReEngine [37]	2013	✔		✔	✔
Dispatcher2 [38]	2013		✔			C&C malware
ProVeX [39]	2013	✔				Signatures
Meng et al. [40]	2014	✔			✔
AFL [41]	2014		✔
ProGraph [42]	2015	✔		✔
FieldHunter [43]	2015	✔				Fields
RS Cluster [44]	2015	✔				Grouped-messages
UPCSS [45]	2015	✔				Proto-classification
ARGOS [46]	2015		✔
PULSAR [47]	2015
Cai et al. [48]	2016	✔		✔
WASp [49]	2016	✔		✔
PowerShell [50]	2017	✔				Dialogs/scripts
ProPrint [51]	2017	✔				Fingerprints
ProHacker [52]	2017	✔				Keywords
Goo et al. [53]	2019	✔		✔	✔
Yang et al. [54]	2020	✔		✔
Sun et al. [55]	2020
Shim et al. [56]	2020	✔		✔
IPART [57]	2020	✔		✔

Tested protocols ↑

Name	Year	Text-based	Binary-based	Hybrid	Other Protocols
PIP [1]	2004	HTTP
GAPA [2]	2005	HTTP
ScriptGen [3]	2005	HTTP	NetBIOS		DCE
RolePlayer [4]	2006	HTTP, FTP, SMTP, NFS, TFTP	DNS, BitTorrent, QQ, NetBios	SMB, CIFS
Ma et al. [5]	2006	HTTP, FTP, SMTP, HTTPS (TCP-Protos)	DNS, NetBIOS, SrvLoc (UDP-Protos)
FFE/x86 [6]	2006
Replayer [7]	2006
Discoverer [8]	2007	HTTP	RPC	SMB, CIFS
Polyglot [9]	2007	HTTP, Samba, ICQ	DNS, IRC
PEXT [10]	2007	FTP
Rosetta [11]	2007
AutoFormat [12]	2008	HTTP, SIP	DHCP, RIP, OSPF	SMB, CIFS
Tupni [13]	2008	HTTP, FTP	RPC, DNS, TFTP		WMF, BMP, JPG, PNG, TIF
Boosting [14]	2008		DNS
ConfigRE [15]	2008
ReFormat [16]	2009	HTTP, MIME	IRC		One unknown protocol
Prospex [17]	2009	SMTP, SIP	SMB		Agobot (C&C)
Xiao et al. [18]	2009	HTTP, FTP, SMTP
Trifilo et al. [19]	2009		TCP, DHCP, ARP, KAD
Antunes and Neves [20]	2009	FTP
Dispatcher [21]	2009	HTTP, FTP, ICQ	DNS
Fuzzgrind [22]	2009
REWARDS [23]	2010
MACE [24]	2010
ReverX [25]	2011	FTP
Veritas [26]	2011	SMTP	PPLIVE, XUNLEI
Biprominer [27]	2011		XUNLEI, QQLive, SopCast
ASAP [28]	2011	HTTP, FTP, IRC, TFTP
Howard [29]	2011
ProDecoder [30]	2012	SMTP, SIP	SMB
Zhang et al. [31]	2012	HTTP, SNMP, ISAKMP
Netzob [32]	2012	FTP, Samba	SMB		Unknown P2P & VoIP protocol
PRISMA [33]	2012
ARTISTE [34]	2012
Wang et al. [35]	2013	ICMP	ARP
Laroche et al. [36]	2013	FTP	DHCP
AutoReEngine [37]	2013	HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3	DNS, NetBIOS
Dispatcher2 [38]	2013	HTTP, FTP, ICQ	DNS	SMB
ProVeX [39]	2013	HTTP, SMTP, IMAP	DNS, VoIP, XMPP		Malware Family Protocols
Meng et al. [40]	2014		TCP, ARP
AFL [41]	2014
ProGraph [42]	2015	HTTP	DNS, BitTorrent, WeChat
FieldHunter [43]	2015	MSNP	DNS		SopCast, Ramnit
RS Cluster [44]	2015	FTP, SMTP, POP3, HTTPS	DNS, XunLei, BitTorrent, BitSpirit, QQ, eMule		MSSQL, Kugoo, PPTV
UPCSS [45]	2015	HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP	DNS, SSL, SSH	SMB
ARGOS [46]	2015
PULSAR [47]	2015
Cai et al. [48]	2016	HTTP, SSDP	DNS, BitTorrent, QQ, NetBios
WASp [49]	2016				Smart plug & PSD systems
PowerShell [50]	2017		ARP, OSPF, DHCP, STP		CDP/DTP/VTP, HSRP, LLDP, LLMNR, mDNS, NBNS, VRRP
ProPrint [51]	2017
ProHacker [52]	2017
Goo et al. [53]	2019	HTTP	DNS
Yang et al. [54]	2020		IPv4, TCP
Sun et al. [55]	2020
Shim et al. [56]	2020	FTP	Modbus/TCP, Ethernet/IP
IPART [57]	2020		Modbus, IEC104, Ethernet/IP

Source Code ↑

Most papers do not provide the code used in the research. For the following papers exists (example) code.

Name	Year	Source Code
ReverX [25]	2011	https://github.com/jasantunes/reverx
Netzob [32]	2012	https://github.com/netzob/netzob
PULSAR [47]	2015	https://github.com/hgascon/pulsar

References ↑

[1]

M. Beddoe, “The protocol informatics project,” 2004, http://www.4tphi.net/∼awalters/PI/PI.html. PDF

[2]

N. Borisov, D. J. Brumley, H. J. Wang, J. Dunagan, P. Joshi, and C. Guo, “Generic application-level protocol analyzer and its language,” MSR Technical Report MSR-TR-2005-133, 2005. PDF

[3]

C. Leita, K. Mermoud, and M. Dacier, “ScriptGen: an automated script generation tool for Honeyd,” in Proceedings of the 21st Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC ’05), pp. 203–214, Tucson, Ariz, USA, December 2005. PDF

[4]

W. Cui, V. Paxson, N. C. Weaver, and R. H. Katz, “Protocolindependent adaptive replay of application dialog,” in Proceedings of the 13th Symposium on Network and Distributed System Security (NDSS ’06), 2006. PDF

[5]

J. Ma, K. Levchenko, C. Kreibich, S. Savage, and G. Voelker, “Automatic protocol inference: unexpected means of identifying protocols,” UCSD Computer Science Technical Report CS2006-0850, 2006. PDF

[6]

Lim, J., Reps, T., Liblit, B.: Extracting output formats from executables. In: 13th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering, 2006. WCRE ’06, pp. 167–178. IEEE, Benevento (2006). doi:10.1109/WCRE.2006.29 PDF

[7]

Cui, W., Paxson, V., Weaver, N., Katz, R.H.: Protocol-independent adaptive replay of application dialog. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS). Internet Society, San Diego (2006). http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=153197

[8]

W. Cui, J. Kannan, and H. J. Wang, “Discoverer: automatic protocol description generation from network traces,” in Proceedings of the USENIX Security Symposium, 2007.

[9]

J. Caballero, H. Yin, Z. Liang, and D. Song, “Polyglot: automatic extraction of protocol message format using dynamic binary analysis,” in Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS ’07), pp. 317–329, ACM, November 2007.

[10]

M. Shevertalov and S. Mancoridis, “A reverse engineering tool for extracting protocols of networked applications,” in Proceedings of the 14th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering (WCRE ’07), pp. 229–238, October 2007.

[11]

Caballero, J., Song, D.: Rosetta: Extracting Protocol Semantics Using Binary Analysis with Applications to Protocol Replay and NAT Rewriting. Technical Report CMU-CyLab-07-014, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh (2007)

[12]

Z. Lin, X. Jiang, D. Xu, and X. Zhang, “Automatic protocol format reverse engineering through context-aware monitored execution,” in Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Network and Distributed System Security (NDSS ’08), February 2008.

[13]

W. Cui, M. Peinado, K. Chen, H. J. Wang, and L. Irun-Briz, “Tupni: automatic reverse engineering of input formats,” in Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS ’08), pp. 391–402, ACM, Alexandria, Va, USA, October 2008.

[14]

K. Gopalratnam, S. Basu, J. Dunagan, and H. J. Wang, “Automatically extracting fields from unknown network protocols,” in Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Network and Distributed System Security (NDSS ’08), 2008. PDF

[15]

Wang, R., Wang, X., Zhang, K., Li, Z.: Towards automatic reverse engineering of software security configurations. In: Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS ’08, pp. 245–256. ACM, Limerick (2008). doi:10.1145/1455770.1455802

[16]

Z. Wang, X. Jiang, W. Cui, X. Wang, and M. Grace, “ReFormat: automatic reverse engineering of encrypted messages,” in Computer Security—ESORICS 2009. ESORICS 2009, M. Backes and P. Ning, Eds., vol. 5789 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 200–215, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2009.

[17]

P. M. Comparetti, G. Wondracek, C. Kruegel, and E. Kirda, “Prospex: protocol specification extraction,” in Proceedings of the 30th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. 110–125, Berkeley, Calif, USA, May 2009.

[18]

M.-M. Xiao, S.-Z. Yu, and Y. Wang, “Automatic network protocol automaton extraction,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Network and System Security (NSS ’09), pp. 336–343, October 2009.

[19]

A. Trifilo, S. Burschka, and E. Biersack, “Traffic to protocol reverse engineering,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence for Security and Defense Applications, pp. 1–8, July 2009.

[20]

J. Antunes and N. Neves, “Building an automaton towards reverse protocol engineering,” 2009, http://www.di.fc.ul.pt/∼nuno/PAPERS/INFORUM09.pdf.

[21]

J. Caballero, P. Poosankam, C. Kreibich, and D. Song, “Dispatcher: enabling active botnet infiltration using automatic protocol reverse-engineering,” in Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS ’09), pp. 621–634, ACM, Chicago, Ill, USA, November 2009. PDF

[22]

Campana, G.: Fuzzgrind: an automatic fuzzing tool. In: Hack. lu. Hack. lu, Luxembourg (2009)

[23]

Lin, Z., Zhang, X., Xu, D.: Automatic reverse engineering of data structures from binary execution. In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS). Internet Society, San Diego (2010)

[24]

Cho, C.Y., Babi D., Shin, E.C.R., Song, D.: Inference and analysis of formal models of botnet command and control protocols. In: Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS ’10, pp. 426–439. ACM, New York, NY (2010). doi:10.1145/1866307.1866355 Cho, C.Y., Babi, D., Poosankam, P., Chen, K.Z., Wu, E.X., Song, D.: MACE: model-inference-assisted concolic exploration for protocol and vulnerability discovery. In: Proceedings of the 20th USENIX Conference on Security, SEC’11, p. 19. USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA (2011)

[25]

J. Antunes, N. Neves, and P. Verissimo, “Reverse engineering of protocols from network traces,” in Proceedings of the 18th Working Conference on Reverse Engineering (WCRE ’11), pp. 169–178, October 2011.

[26]

Y. Wang, Z. Zhang, D. D. Yao, B. Qu, and L. Guo, “Inferring protocol state machine from network traces: a probabilistic approach,” in Proceedings of the 9th Applied Cryptography and Network Security International Conference (ACNS ’11), pp. 1–18, 2011.

[27]

Y. Wang, X. Li, J. Meng, Y. Zhao, Z. Zhang, and L. Guo, “Biprominer: automatic mining of binary protocol features,” in Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies (PDCAT ’11), pp. 179–184, October 2011.

[28]

T. Krueger, N. Krmer, and K. Rieck, “Asap: automatic semantics-aware analysis of network payloads,” in Proceedings of the ECML/PKDD, 2011. PDF

[29]

Slowinska, A., Stancescu, T., Bos, H.: Howard: a dynamic excavator for reverse engineering data structures. In: Proceedings of the 18th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS). Internet Society, San Diego (2011)

[30]

Y. Wang, X. Yun, M. Z. Shafiq et al., “A semantics aware approach to automated reverse engineering unknown protocols,” in Proceedings of the 20th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP ’12), pp. 1–10, IEEE, Austin, Tex, USA, November 2012.

[31]

Z. Zhang, Q.-Y. Wen, and W. Tang, “Mining protocol state machines by interactive grammar inference,” in Proceedings of the 2012 3rd International Conference on Digital Manufacturing and Automation (ICDMA ’12), pp. 524–527, August 2012.

[32]

G. Bossert, F. Guihéry, and G. Hiet, “Towards automated protocol reverse engineering using semantic information,” in Proceedings of the 9th ACM Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security, Kyoto, Japan, June 2014. G. Bossert and F. Guihéry, “Reverse and simulate your enemy botnet C&C,” in Proceedings of the Mapping a P2P Botnet with Netzob, Black Hat 2012, Abu Dhabi, UAE, December 2012. PDF

[33]

Krueger, T., Gascon, H., Krmer, N., Rieck, K.: Learning stateful models for network honeypots. In: Proceedings of the 5th ACM Workshop on Security and Artificial Intelligence, AISec ’12, pp. 37–48. ACM, New York, NY (2012). doi:10.1145/2381896.2381904

[34]

Caballero, J., Grieco, G., Marron, M., Lin, Z., Urbina, D.: ARTISTE: Automatic Generation of Hybrid Data Structure Signatures from Binary Code Executions. Technical Report TR-IMDEA-SW-2012-001, IMDEA Software Institute, Madrid (2012)

[35]

Y. Wang, N. Zhang, Y.-M. Wu, B.-B. Su, and Y.-J. Liao, “Protocol formats reverse engineering based on association rules in wireless environment,” in Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom ’13), pp. 134–141, Melbourne, Australia, July 2013.

[36]

P. Laroche, A. Burrows, and A. N. Zincir-Heywood, “How far an evolutionary approach can go for protocol state analysis and discovery,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC ’13), pp. 3228–3235, June 2013.

[37]

J.-Z. Luo and S.-Z. Yu, “Position-based automatic reverse engineering of network protocols,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 1070–1077, 2013.

[38]

J. Caballero and D. Song, “Automatic protocol reverse-engineering: message format extraction and field semantics inference,” Computer Networks, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 451–474, 2013. PDF

[39]

C. Rossow and C. J. Dietrich, “PROVEX: detecting botnets with encrypted command and control channels,” in Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment, Springer, 2013. PDF

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[41]

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H. Gascon, C. Wressnegger, F. Yamaguchi, D. Arp, and K. Rieck, “Pulsar: Stateful Black-Box Fuzzing of Proprietary Network Protocols,” in Security and Privacy in Communication Networks, vol. 164, B. Thuraisingham, X. Wang, and V. Yegneswaran, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015, pp. 330–347. PDF

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Y.-H. Goo, K.-S. Shim, M.-S. Lee, and M.-S. Kim, “Protocol Specification Extraction Based on Contiguous Sequential Pattern Algorithm,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 36057–36074, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2905353. PDF

[54]

C. Yang, C. Fu, Y. Qian, Y. Hong, G. Feng, and L. Han, “Deep Learning-Based Reverse Method of Binary Protocol,” in Security and Privacy in Digital Economy, vol. 1268, S. Yu, P. Mueller, and J. Qian, Eds. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020, pp. 606–624.

[55]

F. Sun, S. Wang, C. Zhang, and H. Zhang, “Clustering of unknown protocol messages based on format comparison,” Computer Networks, vol. 179, p. 107296, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107296.

[56]

K. Shim, Y. Goo, M. Lee, and M. Kim, “Clustering method in protocol reverse engineering for industrial protocols,” International Journal of Network Management, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1002/nem.2126. PDF

[57]

X. Wang, K. Lv, and B. Li, “IPART: an automatic protocol reverse engineering tool based on global voting expert for industrial protocols,” International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 376–395, May 2020, doi: 10.1080/17445760.2019.1655740.

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